Eletroquimioterapia, uma nova terapia para pacientes com câncer cutâneo na América Latina: revisão da literatura / Electrochemotherapy, a new therapy for patients with skin cancer in Latin America: literature review

A eletroquimioterapia é uma tecnologia inovadora usada para tratar cânceres de pele e mucosa. Consiste na administração intravenosa de bleomicina seguida pela aplicação de pulsos de eletroporação no tumor em suas margens. Esses pulsos induzem a formação de poros na membrana celular, aumentando a eficácia citotóxica da bleomicina em mais de 1.000 vezes. Como a eletroporação é um fenômeno físico, diferentes tipos de tumores podem ser tratados, independentemente de sua histologia. Geralmente, apenas uma sessão de tratamento é necessária para obter resposta satisfatória. A eletroquimioterapia é uma boa opção para tumores recidivantes nos quais outras terapias não proporcionam resposta. Além disso, os tumores podem ser reduzidos com a terapia, permitindo cirurgias menos agressivas e melhorando os resultados. Muitas diretrizes de tratamento começaram a incluir o uso dessa técnica não ablativa como uma nova opção de tratamento quando outras terapias falharam ou foram rejeitadas pelo paciente. O tratamento é realizado em regime ambulatorial com altas taxas de resposta e poucos efeitos colaterais.

Electrochemotherapy is an innovative technology used to treat skin and mucosal cancers. It consists of intravenous administration of bleomycin followed by the application of electroporation pulses to the tumor at its margins. These pulses induce the formation of pores in the cell membrane, increasing the cytotoxic efficacy of bleomycin by more than 1,000- fold. As electroporation is a physical phenomenon, different types of tumors can be treated regardless of their histology. Generally, only one treatment session is needed to obtain a satisfactory response. Electrochemotherapy is a good option for recurrent tumors in which other therapies do not provide a response. Additionally, tumors can be shrunk with therapy, allowing for less aggressive surgeries and improving outcomes. Many treatment guidelines have begun to include the use of this non-ablative technique as a new treatment option when other therapies have failed or been rejected by the patient. Treatment is carried out on an outpatient basis with high response rates and few side effects.

Papel da imagem na indicação da eletroporação irreversível no manejo terapêutico do adenocarcinoma de pâncreas / Role of imaging in the applicability of irreversible electroporation for the management of pancreatic adenocarcinoma

Resumo O adenocarcinoma ductal de pâncreas é uma das neoplasias malignas mais agressivas, com taxas de sobrevivência anuais inferiores a 20%. Os métodos axiais (tomografia computadorizada e ressonância magnética) têm papel fundamental no diagnóstico e estadiamento da doença, por fornecerem adequada resolução anatômica na avaliação de estruturas-chave, principalmente vasculares. O adenocarcinoma ductal de pâncreas é frequentemente descoberto em estágios avançados e sem viabilidade de ressecção cirúrgica, e nesse cenário o desenvolvimento de alternativas terapêuticas minimamente invasivas tem sido ainda mais importante para a mudança de sua história natural. A eletroporação irreversível, procedimento intervencionista que minimiza efeitos deletérios nos tecidos adjacentes, vem se destacando no tratamento de lesões tradicionalmente consideradas irressecáveis. Essa técnica, apesar de ganhar cada vez mais espaço no manejo terapêutico do adenocarcinoma ductal de pâncreas, ainda é pouco familiar aos radiologistas. Neste estudo, buscamos expor, de forma sucinta e didática, os fundamentos da técnica, as principais características de imagem e os critérios de elegibilidade que devem ser considerados para indicação da eletroporação irreversível nessa doença.

Abstract Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma is one of the most aggressive malignant neoplasms, with a one-year survival rate below 20%. Axial methods (computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging) play a fundamental role in the diagnosis and staging of the disease, because they provide adequate anatomical resolution in the assessment of key structures, mainly vascular structures. Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma is most often discovered in advanced stages, when surgical resection is no longer feasible. In that scenario, minimally invasive treatment alternatives have been developed in attempts to change the natural history of the disease. Irreversible electroporation, an interventional procedure that minimizes deleterious effects on adjacent tissues, has proven useful for the treatment of tumors traditionally considered unresectable. Despite the growing acknowledgment of this technique as a tool for the management of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, it is still relatively unknown among radiologists. In this study, we sought to provide an overview of the main characteristics and eligibility criteria that must be considered for the indication of irreversible electroporation in cases of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma.

Research advances of focal therapy for prostate cancer / 现代泌尿外科杂志

Prostate cancer is now the second most common malignancy in men worldwide, with an increasing incidence in China. Most prostate cancer patients receive whole-gland therapy after diagnosis, but patients with localized prostate cancer may not benefit from the treatment due to side effects. With the development of imaging technology and the theory of "index lesion," focal therapy has been greatly developed, which includs high intensity focused ultrasound, focal laser ablation, cryotherapy, irreversible electroporation and photodynamic therapy. This study reviews the clinical trials in recent years and reveals that high intensity focused ultrasound and focal laser ablation have better failure-free survival and postoperative functional control compared with other focal therapy techniques.

Safety and Efficacy of Irreversible Electroporation Combined with Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy for Locally Advanced Pancreatic Cancer: A Meta-analysis / 肿瘤防治研究

Objective To evaluate the safety and efficacy of irreversible electroporation (IRE) combined with neoadjuvant chemotherapy in patients with locally advanced pancreatic cancer. Methods We searched PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, China Biomedical Literature Database, CNKI, Wanfang, and VIP databases for articles dated from the establishment of each database to March 2022. Meta-analysis was performed using RevMan5.4 software. Results A total of 3970 patients with locally advanced pancreatic cancer were enrolled in eight studies, including one randomized controlled trial, four retrospective studies, and three prospective studies. The patients were divided into the combined therapy group with 344 patients and the chemotherapy-only group with 3626 patients. Meta-analysis showed that the overall survival of patients in the combined therapy group was significantly higher than that in the chemotherapy-only group (OR=4.52; 95%CI: 2.63-7.77; P < 0.00001). However, no significant difference existed in the disease control rate between the combined therapy group and the chemotherapy-only group (OR=0.58; 95%CI: 0.02-18.74; P=0.76). Moreover, no significant difference existed in the disease progression between the two groups (OR=0.49; 95%CI: 0.23-1.02; P=0.06). The combination of neoadjuvant chemotherapy and IRE had no significant effect on the incidence of adverse reactions of gastrointestinal reaction (OR=0.37; 95%CI: 0.10-1.34; P=0.13) and bone marrow suppression (OR=0.61; 95%CI: 0.26-1.40; P=0.24). Conclusion IRE combined with neoadjuvant chemotherapy can remarkably improve the prognosis of patients with locally advanced pancreatic cancer, and significantly prolong the overall survival.

Safety and efficacy of irreversible electroporation ablation in treating liver cancer / 中华肝胆外科杂志

Objective:To evaluate the safety and efficacy of irreversible electroporation ablation for liver cancer.Methods:A retrospective study was conducted on 21 patients who underwent irreversible electroporation ablation for liver cancer from September 2018 to August 2019. There were 17 males and 4 females, with a median age of 57.9 (48, 69) years old. Complications were graded according to the Clavien Dindo complication grading system. Tumor response was evaluated by the improved evaluation standard of solid tumor efficacy. Clinical data such as tumor size and operation time were recorded. Tumor recurrence and survival outcomes were followed-up until August 27, 2020.Results:All patients had well-compensated cirrhosis (Child-Pugh A 20 cases, Child-Pugh B 1 case). There was no persistent deterioration of liver function after ablation. The diameter of tumor ranged from 10 to 56 mm, with 7 patients having a tumor diameter over 3 cm. Each of the 21 patients received only once irreversible electroporation ablation and the technical success rate was 100%. The operation time was 2.3 (1.5, 3.5) h. All complications were Clavien Dindo grade Ⅰ, which included pain, fever and brachial plexus strain. Imaging examination 4 weeks after treatment showed a complete remission rate of 85.7% (18/21), a partial remission rate of 9.5% (2/21), a stable disease rate of 0(0/21), and a progressive disease rate of 4.8% (1/21). The objective remission rate was 95.2% (20/21). Overall recurrence rates were 9.5% (2/21) at 3 months and 23.8% (5/21) at 12 months. AFP at 3 and 12 months after treatment were (28.0±7.3) and (29.0±8.1) ng/ml, respectively, which were significantly lower than that before treatment (278.0±41.2) ng/ml ( t3m=-3.57, t12m=-4.12, P<0.05). Conclusion:Irreversible electroporation ablation was safe and effective in treating malignant liver tumors.

Manejo anestésico para electroporación irreversible en el paciente pediátrico / Anesthetic management for irreversible electroporation in the pediatric patient

Resumen: Introducción: La electroporación irreversible (EIR) es una técnica conocida desde 1972; fue incorporada al ámbito oncológico en el año 2005 como técnica de ablación tumoral basada en pulsos eléctricos cortos de alto voltaje y es utilizada para introducir elementos químicos por difusión, alterar la estructura genética celular, fusionar una célula con otra (reversible) o provocarle la muerte (irreversible). Estas descargas eléctricas conllevan un riesgo asociado de arritmias cardíacas, contracciones musculares severas y convulsiones. Mantener un adecuado plano anestésico, analgesia óptima, relajación neuromuscular profunda y electrocardiograma sincronizado a los pulsos eléctricos son los objetivos principales del manejo anestésico. Objetivo: Describir las implicaciones anestésicas de la EIR en el paciente pediátrico. Material y métodos: Revisión narrativa basada en una búsqueda de artículos relacionados con la EIR en las principales bases de datos, donde la principal fuente de información son los reportes de casos y las revisiones no sistemáticas de la literatura, tanto del área de anestesiología y dolor como de ingeniería, radiología intervencionista vascular y cardiovascular, y cirugía. Resultados: Se encontraron y revisaron un total de 17 referencias bibliográficas. Conclusión: La anestesia para EIR en el paciente pediátrico debe garantizar un adecuado plano anestésico idealmente con intubación endotraqueal, analgesia óptima, relajación profunda y control de arritmias cardíacas con sincronización del electrocardiograma.

Abstract: Introduction: Irreversible electroporation (IRE) is a technique known since 1972 incorporated into the oncological field in 2005 as a tumor ablation technique based on short high-voltage electrical pulses used to introduce chemical elements by diffusion, alter the cellular genetic structure, fuse a cell with other (reversible) or cause death (irreversible). These electric shocks carry an associated risk of cardiac arrhythmias, severe muscle contractions and seizures. Maintain an adequate anesthetic plane, optimal analgesia, deep neuromuscular relaxation and an electrocardiogram synchronized to the electrical pulses are the main objectives of anesthetic management. Objective: Describe the anesthetic implications of IRE in the pediatric patient. Material and methods: Narrative review based on a search for articles related to IRE in the most important databases, where the main source of information is case reports and non-systematic reviews of the literature, both in the area of anesthesiology and pain as well as engineering, vascular and cardiovascular interventional radiology, and surgery. Results: A total of 17 bibliographic references were found and reviewed. Conclusion: The anesthesia for IRE in the pediatric patient should guarantee an adequate anesthetic plane ideally with endotracheal intubation, optimal analgesia, deep relaxation and control of cardiac arrhythmias with electrocardiogram synchronization.

Tecnología emergente: Campo de pulsos eléctricos (PEF) para el tratamiento de alimentos y su efecto en el contenido de antioxidantes

RESUMEN Los métodos de conservación de alimentos no-térmicos han generado un considerable interés en la industria alimentaria como potencial alternativo a los métodos tradicionales de procesamiento. Uno de los métodos no-térmicos más estudiados es el de campos eléctricos pulsados o PEF (Pulsed Electric Fields). La aplicación de PEF en el procesamiento de alimentos permite limitar la exposición a altas temperaturas y reducir la necesidad de aditivos alimentarios. En PEF, se expone al alimento a pulsos eléctricos generando poros en la membrana celular, este fenómeno se le conoce como electroporación. La electroporación promueve la inactivación de organismos patógenos, reduce la actividad enzimática, favorece la transferencia de masa, mantención de color, sabor y contenido de compuestos antioxidantes, mejora la eficiencia en el procesamiento de alimentos y mantiene de cualidades organolépticas que son atractivas tanto para el consumidor como también para la industria. Los antioxidantes son sustancias capaces de proteger a las células de los radicales libres. La acción de los antioxidantes es de interés tanto del punto de vista sanitario, como industrial. Existe abundante evidencia que asocia el consumo de antioxidantes como factor protector ante enfermedades. Por otro lado, los antioxidantes cumplen un rol importante en la duración de los alimentos ya que actúan como conservantes, prolongando su vida útil. La utilización de PEF, respecto a otras tecnologías para el procesamiento de alimentos, ha demostrado un aumento en la extracción, menor pérdida por temperatura y una mayor disponibilidad de compuestos de interés, incluidos antioxidantes.

ABSTRACT Non-thermal food preservation methods have gained considerable interest in the food industry as a potential alternative to traditional processing methods. One of the most studied non-thermal methods is Pulsed Electric Fields (PEF). The application of PEF in food processing allows limiting exposure to high temperatures and reducing the need for food additives. In PEF, food is exposed to electrical pulses generating pores in the cell membrane, this phenomenon is known as electroporation. Electroporation promotes the inactivation of pathogenic organisms, reduces enzyme activity, favors mass transfer, maintains color, flavor and antioxidant compound content, improves food processing efficiency and maintains organoleptic qualities that are attractive to both the consumer and the industry. Antioxidants are substances capable of protecting cells from free radicals. The action of antioxidants is of interest both from a health and industrial point of view. There is abundant evidence that associates the consumption of antioxidants as a protective factor against diseases. On the other hand, antioxidants play an important role in the shelf life of foods as they act as preservatives, prolonging their shelf life. The use of PEF, compared to other food processing technologies, has shown an increase in extraction, lower temperature loss and greater availability of compounds of interest, including antioxidants.

Biomateriales compuestos para restauración ósea obtenidos mediante tecnologías basadas en el uso del campo electromagnético / Composite biomaterials for bone restoration obtained by technologies based on the use of the electromagnetic

Introducción: El panorama demográfico en el mundo está cambiando. La población mayor de 60 años es el segmento que está creciendo más rápidamente y en el que las enfermedades del tejido óseo se presentan con más frecuencia, lo que aumenta la demanda de materiales y tecnologías apropiadas para restaurar estos tejidos. Objetivo: Analizar la información que se ha generado sobre el desarrollo de biomateriales compuestos para la reparación ósea, con énfasis en la identificación de las tecnologías emergentes basadas en el uso del campo electromagnético, sus aplicaciones y potencialidades. Métodos: Se consultaron trabajos científicos publicados en libros, revistas, patentes y tesis. El 80 por ciento de la documentación seleccionada pertenece al periodo 2010-2019. Análisis e integración de la información: Los métodos identificados fueron clasificados en cinco grupos: electrodeposición química, ya sea por electrólisis, electroforesis o síntesis electroforética in situ; electroporación; electrohilado; control magnético distal y bioestimulación electromagnética de células y tejidos, directamente o por la introducción de dispositivos que convierten la energía electromagnética en energía mecánica. Conclusiones: Estos métodos permiten la conformación de matrices celulares y acelulares compuestas y, además, dispositivos bioestimuladores con control de los parámetros de construcción y acción, de tal manera, que se logran procesos con mayor grado de reproducibilidad y a la medida de los requerimientos específicos para cada paciente(AU)

Introduction: The global demographic panorama is changing. The population aged over 60 years is the fastest growing segment, as well as the one where bone tissue diseases are most common, increasing the demand of appropriate materials and technologies to restore those tissues. Objective: To analyze the information so far generated about the development of composite biomaterials for bone repair, with an emphasis on the identification of emerging technologies based on the use of the electromagnetic field, its applications and potential. Methods: An analysis was performed of scientific papers published in books, journals, patents and theses. Of the documentation selected, 80 percent was from the period 2010-2019. Data analysis and integration: The methods identified were classified into five groups: chemical electrodeposition, be it by in situ electrophoretic synthesis, electrolysis or electrophoresis; electroporation; electrospinning; distal magnetic control and electromagnetic biostimulation of cells and tissues, either directly or incorporating devices which convert electromagnetic energy into mechanical energy. Conclusions: These methods permit the conformation of composite cellular and acellular matrices as well as biostimulator devices controlling construction and action parameters in such a way that the processes obtained display greater reproducibility and are more in keeping with the specific requirements of each patient(AU)

Plasmid DNA encoding neutralizing human monoclonal antibody without enhancing activity protects against dengue virus infection in mice

Objective: To evaluate the expression of DNA plasmid-harboring modified antibody gene that produces neutralizing human monoclonal antibodies against four serotypes of dengue virus (DENV) without enhancing activity in BALB/c mice. Methods: We constructed pFUSE-based vectors (pFUSE-1G7C2-hVH and pFUSE-1G7C2-hVL) containing genes encoding the variable domains of the heavy or light chain of the anti-dengue virus antibody 1G7C2, a human IgG1 that has been characterized for its neutralizing activity to DENV-1-4. Leucine (L) at positions 234 and 235 on the Fc CH2 domain in pFUSE-1G7C2-hVH was mutated to alanine (A) (LALA mutation) by site direct mutagenesis, and the new plasmid was termed pFUSE-1G7C2-hVH-LALA. An equal amount of pFUSE-1G7C2-hVL and 1G7C2hG1-LALA plasmids were co-Transfected into Chinese hamster ovary cells (CHO-K1) and a single dose of 100 μg 1G7C2-hG1-LALA plasmid was intramuscularly injected, followed by electroporation in BALB/c mice. The secreted 1G7C2-hG1-LALA antibodies in cell culture supernatant and mouse serum were examined for their biological functions, neutralization and enhancing activity. Results: The co-Transfection of heavy-And light-chain 1G7C2-hG1-LALA plasmids in CHO-K1 cells produced approximately 3 900 ng/mL human IgG and neutralized 90%-100% all four DENV, with no enhancing activity. Furthermore, the modified human IgG was produced more than 1 000 ng/mL in mouse serum on day 7 post plasmid injection and showed cross-neutralization to four DENV serotypes. Subsequently, antibody production and neutralization decreased rapidly. Nevertheless, the secreted neutralizing 1G7C2-hG1-LALA in mouse serum demonstrated complete absence of enhancing activities to all DENV serotypes. Conclusions: These findings reveal that a new modified 1G7C2-hG1-LALA expressing plasmid based on gene transfer is a possible therapeutic antibody candidate against DENV infection.

The effect of electroporation on the growth characteristics and antimicrobial activity of lactic acid bacteria

Aims@#This study aimed to evaluate the effect of electroporation on the growth characteristics and antimicrobial activity of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) including Bifidobacterium longum ATCC 15707, Lactobacillus acidophilus ATCC 314, Lactobacillus casei ATCC 393 and Lactobacillus fermentum ATCC 14931.@*Methodology and results@# Electroporation with the strength of electric field at 1.0–3.0 kV/cm for 2-4 millisecond were applied on the bacterial cultures. All bacterial cultures showed significant (P<0.05) increased in cell viability (40%-325%) upon electroporation. Such treatment also increased the acidity of the cell where the pH of cells decreased upon treatment. In tandem with the increased viability, electroporated bacterial cultures also showed higher proteolytic activity compared to the control (P<0.05). The electroporation treatment also increased (P<0.05) the bacteriocin activity of treated cells compared to the control. However, the molecular weight of bacteriocins produced were not affected by electroporation. Treated cells also possessed better antimicrobial activity. According to the results collected, all treated LAB strains showed 11.5%-113.8% higher (P<0.05) inhibitory activity compared to untreated control against tested pathogenic bacteria, Escherichia coli and Listeria monocytogenes that commonly associated with food contamination. Microarray data analysis showed that electroporation regulated the entities encoding for surface protein and transporter.@*Conclusion, significance and impact of study@#The results from this study suggested that electroporation could enhance the growth characteristics and antimicrobial activity of LAB by modifying the surface regions of the cells. This result may serve as the reference for food manufacturers to opt for effective biopreservation method and produce food with extended shelf life.

Control of High Voltage Pulse Generator Based on Arduino and Its Peripheral Sensors for Cell Irreversible Electroporation Test / 中国医疗器械杂志

A project of control of a high voltage pulse generator based on Arduino and its peripheral pulse sensor and temperature sensor was proposed for cell irreversible electroporation (IRE) test. By programming Arduino board, the analog photoelectric signal and the partial voltage signal of thermistor collected by pulse and temperature sensors were converted into digital signal and temperature value. The threshold of ECG R wave (>550) and temperature threshold (<37 oC) was set as trigger condition to control an 800 W high voltage pulse generator to release a fixed period pulse. Human lung cancer cells cultured in vitro were used to test and verify, and cell staining was used to evaluate the perforation. The results showed that Arduino and its sensors were sensitive to trigger and feedback. When the high voltage pulse generator was controlled to release 100 pulses with the parameters of 600 V, 1 200 V/cm and 100 ms pulse width, more than 95% of the cells showed nonthermal irreversible electroporation.

Irreversible electroporation ablation technique in treatment of esophageal cancer / 中国胸心血管外科临床杂志

@#Objective    To explore the therapeutic effect and safety of irreversible electroporation (IRE) ablation technique on esophageal cancer. Methods    An ECM830 electroporator was used for IRE treatment on esophageal cancer cells EC109 and KYSE30. According to the different electric field intensity, five groups were assigned: a control group, a 500 V/cm group, a 1 000 V/cm group, a 1 500 V/cm group, and a 2 000 V/cm group. After 24 h, methyl thiazolyltetrazolium (MTT) was used to detect the cell proliferation of each group. Western blotting was performed to evaluate the expression of apoptosis proteins in cells before or after IRE treatment. Eight healthy BALB/c nude mice were equally divided into two groups: a control group (n=4) and an IRE group (n=4). EC109 was used to establish subcutaneous transplantation tumors and subsequently the mice in the IRE group were treated with flat electrode. The weight and volume of tumors were measured after 14 days. Ten healthy New Zealand white rabbits were equally divided into two groups: a control group (n=5) and an IRE group (n=5). After exposing the abdominal cavity, the abdominal esophagus of the IRE group was treated with flat electrode. Seven days later, the esophagus was extracted for HE and Masson staining. Results    When the electric field intensity was low (500 V/cm), there was no change in esophageal cancer cells proliferation after IRE treatment compared to the control group (EC109: P=0.385, KYSE30: P=0.600). With the increase of electric field intensity, the influence of IRE on the proliferation of esophageal cancer cell gradually increased. When it reached 2 000 V/cm, there was basically no cell viability after IRE treatment (P<0.001). The results of Western blotting showed that the expression of cleaved caspase-3 increased after IRE treatment (P<0.01). Animal experiments indicated that the weight and volume of tumors in nude mice reduced (P<0.05) and the growth of tumors was slowed down after IRE treatment. In addition, the parenchymal cells of rabbit esophagus were largely damaged, while interstitial tissues such as fibers were well preserved. Conclusion    IRE ablation has the potential to inhibit the proliferation of esophageal cancer cell and slow down the tumor growth.What’s more, it is safe for the esophagus.

Development Status of Irreversible Electric Perforated Tumor Ablation Device / 中国医疗器械杂志

This study firstly introduced the mechanism, benefits and applications of irreversible electroporation(IRE) for tumor ablation. In addition, this study also introduced the most advanced IRE systems cleared by FDA or CFDA and IRE research equipment. The clinically licensed IRE systems include the Nanoknife 3.0 of Angiodynamics, the Dophi

Progress in the Treatment of Tachyarrhythmia by Pulsed Electric Field Ablation Catheter Ablation / 中国医疗器械杂志

Pulsed electric field(PEF) provides high-energy instantaneous pulse and release energy to myocardial cell membrane, resulting in irreversible electroporation and causes myocardial cell contents leakage, destruction of intracellular homeostasis, cell death, and slight inflammatory response. PEF as non-thermal energy promotes the design and application of arrhythmia ablation catheter to enter a new stage. There are currently limited clinical studies that have proved the safety and effectieness of Farawave PEF catheter, PVAC GOLD PEF catheter, Lattice-tip Sphere-9 PEF and radiofrequency (RF) catheter used for atrial fibrillation ablation, but still need further discussion. The research of atrial fibrillation ablation with PEF is under study in China. In this paper, the design and application of PEF ablation for tachyarrhythmia are reviewed.

Effect of Electroporation on Percutaneous Permeation of Sinomenine Hydrochloride / 中国实验方剂学杂志

Objective:To investigate the percutaneous permeability of sinomenine hydrochloride （SNH） and optimize the parameters of electroporation to achieve the best permeation enhancing effect on SNH. Method:The percutaneous permeability of SNH and the enhancement effect of electroporation were studied by <italic>in vitro</italic> diffusion cell method， and the enhancement effect of electroporation was further evaluated by <italic>in vivo</italic> study in mice. Result:Under steady-state condition， the permeation rates of SNH in stripped skin and intact skin of hairless mice were （385.81±12.88）， （0.88±0.20） μg·cm^-2·h^-1， respectively. The permeation rate in stripped skin was 438 times higher than that in intact skin. The results of percutaneous permeation kinetics analysis showed that the solubility and diffusion coefficient of SNH in stratum corneum were relatively low， which were （70.82±9.63）×10³ g·m^-3 and （3.07±1.52）×10^-14 cm²·s^-1， respectively. Under the optimized electroporation conditions （voltage of 72 V， time of 60 min）， the 24 h cumulative permeation amount of SNH through skin of mice was （10 008.39±1 961.57） μg·cm^-2， and the steady-state permeation rate was （456.01±51.26） μg·cm^-2·h^-1， which were 5.4 times and 5.1 times higher than those of blank group， respectively. <italic>In vivo</italic> studies in mice showed that the contents of SNH in skin and muscle of electroporation group were 2.0 times and 1.5 times higher than those of blank group. Conclusion:The low solubility and low diffusion coefficient of SNH in the stratum corneum are the main factors hindering the percutaneous permeation of SNH. Electroporation can significantly increase the percutaneous permeation of SNH and its retention in skin and muscle of mice.

Feasibility of computed tomography-guided irreversible electroporation for porcine kidney ablation

Objective: The objective was to evaluate the feasibility and safety of computed tomography (CT)-guided percutaneous irreversible electroporation (IRE) in porcine kidneys. Materials and Methods: Under CT guidance, two monopole probes were used to precisely puncture through the renal parenchyma into the renal hilum in nine anesthetized adult Bama miniature pigs. After which, IRE ablation was performed. Biochemical and pathological examinations were carried out 2 h, 2, 7, and 14 days after the procedure. Results: All procedures were performed successfully without any serious complications such as bleeding, infection, or death. All pigs survived until the end of the study. Pathological examinations showed that cells in the ablation area were dead within 2 days after the procedure, whereas the vascular endothelium showed only slight damage. After 2 days, endothelialization ensued and regrowth of smooth muscle cells was observed after 14 days. Hemogram tests indicated a transient increase but gradually returned to baseline levels 14 days after the procedure. Conclusion: IRE was essentially safe, however further studies on tumor ablation using several different animal models are needed

Ablación tumoral percutánea guiada por imágenes / Image-Guided Percutaneous Tumor Ablation

RESUMEN La incidencia de enfermedades oncológicas se incrementa cada día. Las terapias ablativas tumorales percutáneas guiadas por imagen constituyen una alternativa de tratamiento para pacientes sin criterio de resección quirúrgica. El objetivo del estudio es argumentar la necesidad del uso de las terapias ablativas tumorales percutáneas en Cuba mediante la revisión de su estado actual en el mundo. Se realizó una revisión bibliográfica descriptiva, en bases de datos Google Escolar, MEDLINE (Pubmed) y SciELO. Se seleccionaron 31 artículos, que fueron útiles para actualizar la información. Con la ablación tumoral percutánea se intentó erradicar completamente todas las células malignas viables dentro del tumor. La ablación química, la térmica y otras no térmicas, son las más usadas. Este tratamiento ha demostrado ser efectivo y seguro. Debido su elevado costo, no ha sido posible su introducción en el país(AU)

ABSTRACT The incidence of oncological diseases increases every day. Image-guided percutaneous tumor ablative therapies are treatment alternatives for patients not eligible based on surgical resection criteria. The objective of the study is support the need for the use of percutaneous tumor ablative therapies in Cuba, by reviewing its current state in the world. A descriptive bibliographic review was carried out using the databases Google Scholar, MEDLINE (Pubmed) and SciELO, from which 31 articles were selected, useful to update the information. Percutaneous tumor ablation was performed in view of completely eradicating all viable malignant cells within the tumor. Chemical, thermal and other non-thermal ablations are the most used. This treatment has proven effective and safe. Due to its high cost, its introduction in the country has not been possible(AU)

Irreversible electroporation and adjuvant chemoradiotherapy for locally advanced pancreatic carcinoma

Context: The safety and efficacy of irreversible electroporation (IRE) for locally advanced pancreatic carcinoma (LAPC) are well established. However, whether adjuvant chemoradiotherapy after IRE increases, the survival rate remains unknown. Therefore, this study evaluated the effect of chemoradiotherapy combined with IRE in patients with LAPC. Subjects and Methods: We retrospectively analyzed 42 patients with LAPC between July 2015 and December 2016 at PLA General Hospital treated with IRE or IRE combined with radiation and/or chemotherapy. These patients were divided into the IRE group and the combined-therapy group. All patients underwent computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging, and positron-emission tomography-CT and no signs of metastases were found. The prognosis of these patients was observed. Results: The times after operation and after diagnosis in the combined-therapy group (304.20 ± 118.54) and (334.40 ± 114.07) days, respectively, were better those than in the IRE group (214.36 ± 95.68) and (244.68 ± 110.61) days, respectively. Moreover, patients in the combined-therapy group had a significantly better survival rate than the IRE group (80 vs. 45.45%, P < 0.05). Conclusions: IRE combined with radiotherapy or chemotherapy was superior to IRE alone for the treatment of LAPC, as it prolonged the survival time and improved the survival rate, making it worthy of wide dissemination and clinical application

Research Progress of Catheter-based Irreversible Electroporation for Tissue Ablation / 中国医疗器械杂志

Irreversible electroporation (IRE) is an emerging tissue ablation technique. Compared with thermal ablation technique such as radiofrequency, IRE can achieve focal ablation in a shorter time without heat sink effect while sparing the tissue scaffold. IRE has been demonstrated to be a feasible therapeutic modality for the liver, pancreatic, and prostatic cancer. In recent years, several studies regarding of catheter-directed IRE for digestive tract, bronchus, urinary tract, and myocardium have been performed, which preliminarily demonstrated the safety and efficacy of IRE for tissue ablation under endoscopic or interventional technique. This study summarized the research progress of catheter-directed IRE for tissue ablation. The critical technique and future direction of catheter-based IRE are prosp.

Improving neuronal transfection by electroporation of dorsal root ganglion / 中国组织工程研究

BACKGROUND: Electroporation of dorsal root ganglion is a high-efficiency gene transfection method to study nerve regeneration. In the past, the voltage condition of dorsal root ganglion electroporation resulted in a reduction in the number of labeled neurons and axons, with a high statistical error. OBJECTIVE: To improve the marker rate of neurons and their axons, and to provide theoretical basis for the study of peripheral nerve regeneration. METHODS: The enhanced green fluorescent protein was as an outcome measure to optimize dorsal root ganglion electroporation in axonal regeneration. ICR mice were randomly divided into two groups, respectively, and underwent dorsal root ganglion electroperforation surgery to detect the labeling rates of neurons and their axons under the intervention of 35 and 60 V voltages. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Voltages at 35 and 60 V did not cause significant neuronal death. Compared with 35 V voltage, 60 V voltage significantly increased the labeling rate of neurons and their axons as well as the number of axons passing through the injured site (P < 0.05). The 60 V voltage did not damage the behavioral function of the experimental animals. These results suggest that 60 V voltage can increase the labeling rate of neurons and their axons, providing a basis for the study of axonal regeneration in peripheral nerves.